Sunday, May 24, 2020

Descartes s Discourse On Method - 890 Words

In his Discourse on Method, Rene Descartes asserts that all human beings are equal in their ability to reason and that any differences in opinion are not a result of a difference in ability to reason, but in the application of the reasoning. Descartes begins his argument for this claim by stating that rational thought and reason is what separates humans from animals, and that if all people have this ability to reason, then that must be the distinguishing feature of humanity. He goes on to explain that while individuals may differ within a species in regard to their non-essential qualities, they will not differ in the species’ distinguishing feature. This rule accounts for the diversity within humanity as a species (such as differing hair colors, heights, and weights) while equalizing humanity’s ability to reason. From these premises, Descartes concludes that all humans must have an equal ability to reason and that differences in thought are merely a result of difference s in the application of the individual’s reasoning. In Part V of his Discourse, Descartes continues his argument for reasoning being the essence of humanity by arguing that non-human animals and machines cannot reason, and therefore reasoning must be solely attributed to humans. Descartes presents two tests to determine whether or not a being is human or non-human, both based on the adaptability of the being’s responses. He first asserts that since machines and non-human animals cannot communicate via spokenShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Rene Descartes s Work Discourse On The Method Of A Machine1316 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout his work Discourse on the Method, Rene Descartes discusses the things he believes to be true concerning thought. He discusses the things which he believes to be more perfect and the things which he believes to be less perfect (pt 2, para 1). When comparing the two, he eventually comes to the conclusion that things that are more perfect are constructed by fewer hands and have specific purpose (pt 2, para 1). He also introduces in the opening portion of his work that his opinion of goodRead MoreThe Projetion of the Perfection Paradox1176 Words   |  5 PagesThe Projection of the Perfection Paradox In Renà © Descartes’s Discourse on Method, â€Å"seeking the true method for arriving at knowledge† (p. 10) is the goal in which he states in the beginning of discourse. With that end in mind, by analyzing proofs that Descartes finds it can be seen if this was achieved. The proof that God exist is a defining moment in the discourse since God is continually referenced for origin of true knowledge. The reference to God does not only set the stage for furtherRead MoreAnalysis of Descartes Argument788 Words   |  3 Pagesending of the reading selection.? Reading selection from Descartes Discourse on the Method (Part IV). Descartes begins with the problem of being able to prove his own existence but ends up with an argument proving the existence of God. Read more about the Discourse on the Method located at HYPERLINK http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/pdf/descdisc.pdf http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/pdf/descdisc.pdf. In his Discourse on the Method, Descartes essentially asked his famous question: how can we knowRead MoreDescartes And Descartes s Theories Of Skepticism And Search For The Truth1109 Words   |  5 Pagesso-called life questions, but experts like Blaise Pascal and Rene Descartes have examined and reasoned with the norms of the enlightenment era. The theologians and philosophers during that time have produced such popular works that they have been used as a foundation for reason today. In Pascal s Pensees, and Descartes’ Discourse on Method, they take steps to examining and reflecting on their own answers to life questions. If Pascal and Descartes conversed with each other about skepticism and searching forRead MoreWisdom According to Rene Descartes1240 Words   |  5 Pagesnot examining the same thing† Rene’ Descartes pg. (1) â€Å"Discourse on Method† by Rene’ Descartes Wisdom, according to Rene’ Descartes, can be reached when an individual abandons all other influence and challenges the course of their own personal knowledge by seeking supreme understanding. He believed that everybody is capable of wisdom, but to gain it a person must challenge their very own mind. In the book, â€Å"Discourse on Method†, Descartes describes his method for understanding by first lettingRead MoreThe Discourse On Method A Foundationalist One2142 Words   |  9 Pages(1) In what sense is Descartes’ project in the Discourse on Method a foundationalist one? By Serena Lipscomb The 17th Century was a transmute turning point in the West; the scientific revolution would occur, freedom of the individual would become established whilst an old world-view would be rejected to favour a new, very different world-view which would innovate our existence. Foundationalism would be established as an important way of beginning new theories and experiments in rational as wellRead MoreIn What Ways Are Descartes and Bacon Alike?672 Words   |  3 PagesIn What Ways Are Descartes and Bacon Alike? remember footnotes and don’t include first 1 on numbered pages There are many aspects of Rene Descartes’ and Francis Bacon’s practices of approaching the scientific method. When comparing the two scientists, it is clear that there are many similarities. In an effort to compare Rene’ Descartes and Francis Bacon it is important to discover the pioneer’s investigations and philosophies. Both credited with the evolution from Aristotelian discovery to modernRead MoreRene Descartes: French Mathematician and Philosopher Essay1855 Words   |  8 PagesRene Descartes: An Author Study Rene Descartes was a 17th Century mathematician and French Philosopher whose lifes work focused on providing a new prospective on the human perception of reality. The definition of this reality is seen as Descartes greatest life goal. Coined as the Father of Modern Philosophy, (Cunningham Reich, 2010, p. 385), Descartes laid the groundwork the philosophy and reality as we perceive it today. Descartes autobiography, Discourse on the Method of Rightly ConductingRead MoreDescartes s Theory Of Love885 Words   |  4 PagesRene Descartes had one ultimate goal, which was to discover the absolute foundation of truth and philosophy, which includes love. Descartes had detected many false beliefs that he, as a youth, believed to be true. It was at this point that he decided to rid himself of all of his previous opinions and knowledge that he had accepted to be truths, based on the fact that he could find doubt in them. He then concluded that if you construct something on false beliefs then everything becomes doubtfulRead More Rene Descartes Essay1094 Words   |  5 PagesRene Descartes was a famous French mathematician, scientist and philosopher. He was arguably the first major philosopher in the modern era to make a serious effort to defeat skepticism. His views about knowledge and certainty, as well as his views about the relationship between mind and body have been very influential over the last three centuries. Descartes was born at La Haye (now called Descartes), and educated at the Jesuit College of La Flà ¨che between 1606 and 1614. Descartes later claimed

Thursday, May 14, 2020

What Is the pH of Vegetable Oil

In chemistry, pH is a scale used to measure the relative acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution—that is, one in which a solute (salt, sugar, etc.) is dissolved in water. Because only aqueous solutions have pH levels, vegetable oil has no pH value. Likewise, other oils such as animal and petrochemical oils also have no pH value. Acidity as it relates to flavor should not be confused with an oils fatty acid content. Fatty acids are organic molecules often found in foods, including vegetable oils. Olive oil consists primarily of oleic acid, with smaller quantities of palmitoleic acid and linoleic acid. The purest olive oils have a very low volume of free fatty acids (less than 2%). These acids, again, have nothing to do with pH levels.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The novel, Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Brontë is about a...

The novel, Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Brontà « is about a female character battling societys conservative view on womens rights and roles in civilization. Jane Eyre was written during the Victorian Era when women were seen less than equals to men, but more as property and an asset. At the end of the era was when feminist ideas and the womens suffrage movement began to gain momentum. In the novel, Jane encounters three male characters, Mr.Brocklehurst, Mr. Rochester and Mr. St. John Rivers, who try to restrict her from expressing her thoughts and emotions. In Charlotte Brontà «s novel, Jane Eyre, Victorian ideology influences todays society by making women seem inadequate to men. Brontà « wants to convey that rather than conforming to others†¦show more content†¦As Jane has just come home from visiting her now deceased aunt, Mr. Rochester spots her from a distance and calls forth her presence. Jane pours out her whole heart to him and decides to move to Ireland to forget abou t him. In reply to Jane’s decision, Mr. Rochester commented on her quick choice, in which Jane retorted, â€Å"I am no bird: and no net ensnares me: i am a free human being with an independent will, which i now exert to leave you,† (Border Classics, 255). Earlier in the novel Jane stated that she wanted to be free like a bird but, she changed her mind and made it very clear that she was a â€Å"free human being with an independent will†. Jane proved her independence by leaving Mr. Rochester, even when she knew it would be the only time she would feel happiness in her life. Jane had been â€Å"ensnared† emotionally and physically her whole life. Jane comes back to Thornfield like a bird would return home to its nest because that was where she found comfort and security. By stating that she is a human being with an independent will, Mr. Rochester begins to understand where Jane stands in their relationship. Jane was treated as an equal by Mr. Rochester, whi ch was one of the reasons why she decided to marry him. Women have always been put in a secondary position and never treated as an equal. Since the novel was published, views on women’s rights have improved, but society still sees women inferior to men. Biologically, men are created to be physically stronger, but women

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Risk Assessment And Planning - Click Now to Get Solution

Questions: 1. Identify strategic management tools from your Readings and credible online sources that could be used to analyse risk associated with your selected project (Residential Tower). Explain the impact of each of these tools on your project and how effective they are. 2. Prepare a detailed response plan for the selected risk area. Your response plan should include a probability and impact assessment, prioritisation and identification of early warning indicators. In your response plan, also describe qualitative and quantitative tools that could be used to analyse risk associated with your selected project. Explain the impact and effectiveness each of these tools may have on your project. 3. Explain how you considered stakeholder risk tolerance. Would your planning for individual risks change depending on a stakeholders tolerance for risk? If you had to prioritise the stakeholders depending on their risk tolerance, how would you still reassure those who were more risk tolerant? Answers: Introduction Risk management is an important aspect of project management while developing a construction project. It is important to note that the change in the price level and the financial crisis has several adverse impacts on the completion of the project (Rostami, 2016). Along with that, there are several other challenges that are faced by a construction project due to the change in the external environmental factors (Rose, 2014). The paper has been developed to identify the strategic management tools that are required to identify the risk and analyse them to draw proper solutions to mitigate those issues. The paper will analyse the impact and effectiveness of the tools used to identify and analyse the risks. The paper also presents the stakeholders tolerance capability of the identified risks and its impact on the successful completion of the project. The project has been developed to identify and analyse the risk involved in constructing a residential tower of twenty three storeys in Qatar. Construction of a mega building is always a challenge for engineers, not only because of the unique architectural demands but also owing to financial and legal constraints involved throughout the process. When planning for such a big project in a rapidly growing region like Qatar, the role played by the government should also be considered significantly to manage costs through applied infrastructure savings method (Oxford Business Group, 2016). Strategic Management Tools for identifying the risks Some significant strategic management tools and techniques can be implemented to identify the risks associated with the construction project. In this given section, documentation reviews such as brainstorming, Delphi technique, diagramming techniques, and SWOT analysis can be identified as the most suitable risk assessment tools and techniques. In risk identification, brainstorming and Delphi technique can be utilized to distribute questionnaires to expert personnel (Forbes, Smith and Horner, 2008). On the basis of their comments and unbiased data, significant risks attached to the construction project can be identified. Invariably, SWOT analysis is another specific tool that can be effectively implemented to identify risk probabilities, adverse effect and risk ratings based on expert judgment (Wende, Herberg and Herzberg, 2015). In the case of discussing, qualitative risk analysis tools and techniques, probability and risk matrix, urgency risk assessment, risk categorization and risk impact assessment can be identified as the most significant tools. Through probability and impact matrix, proper quantitative analysis can be done using risk ratings (Cahill, 2007). Finally, after investigating the project objectives, quality assurance and risk issues, a significant level of risks can be accessed through interviewing stakeholders. Such risk analysis process will be highly effective for this particular construction project. Impact of Strategic Management tools and its effectiveness In risk identification and risk management of a construction project, the importance strategic management tools and techniques are highly valuable. By implementing project specific risk management tools and techniques, the project manager can mitigate the risk factors and potential risk hazards to avoid any unwanted disputes to the ongoing construction project. Whether it is workforce related issues or financially oriented issues, effective risk management strategic tools can identify such risk factors at the beginning of a project to ensure the project will commence smoothly (Anderson-Cook, 2006). Meanwhile, effective strategic management tools can certify that the project will be completed within the estimated timeframe (Dey and Ogunlana, 2014). Response Plan for the selected risk Area Identified Risk Impact Assessment Probability Priority Early warning indicators Tools used to analyse Response Plan Market Changes Price Change The change in price may lead to under budgeting and increase the expected cost of the project. High High The changes in the government policies lead to change in the price level (Wang and Ortiz, 2013). Qualitative as well as quantitative tools can be used to analyse the price fluctuation in the market. To control such risks, analysis of price market should be the key to success Change in Labour Wages The change in labour wages leads to increase in the budget of the project. Medium High It can be identified by interacting with the labour contractors and labour union. The changes in labour wages can be analysed by conducting survey and analysing the information using qualitative as well quantitative analysis methods. To control risks associated with the labour, significant research on the labour demand supply should be done (Wang and Ortiz, 2013) Unavailability of Materials The unavailability of materials leads to delay in the project completion. Medium Medium The delay in the shipments is an early indicator of unavailability of raw materials. The unavailability of raw materials can be analysed by conducting a survey and interviewing suppliers. Significant inventory of the raw materials must be maintained to mitigate the risk Production Delay in work The delay in work impacts the stakeholders interest. High High Delay in completion of a single activity can lead to delay in the completion of the entire project. It can be analysed using statistical tools and calculating the probability of its occurrence. Proper planning and scheduling must be done to avoid delay in work Labour Conflict Labour conflicts lead to delay in work and impact the reputation of the company. Low Medium Labour conflicts must be avoided on the earlier stage by interacting with them on a regular basis. It can be analysed by conducting interviews of the employees and supervisors. Significant management of labour and workers must be done to avoid any sort of conflict Legal Obstacles Legal obstacles lead to delay in work and loss of reputation. It also leads to financial loss. Medium Medium Legal obstacles can be identified by communicating with the legal advisors. It can be analysed using qualitative study of the new policies and regulations implemented by the government. Legal advisory committee must be hired to control any risks associated with legal aspects Working Capital Improper Budgeting Improper budgeting leads to financial losses and impacts the interest of the stakeholders. High Medium Improper budgeting can be identified by maintaining the accounts on a regular basis and estimating the cost for further construction. Quantitative tool is required to analyse the risk of improper budgeting. Significant financial professionals must be hired to mitigate such risks in case of emergency situation Extra Expenses Extra expenses lead to failure of the budget and increase the pressure over the investors. High Low Extra expenses can be identified by continuously interacting with the finance department. Quantitative analysis is required to identify the risk of it. To control extra expenses, certain monetary resources must be confirmed (Schermerhorn, 2013) Conflict with Investors Conflict with investors adversely impacts the completion of the project and even leads to financial loss. Low High It can be identified by regularly communicating with them. A survey and interview is required to analyse the risk of conflict with the investors. Significant discussion session with the investors must be done to control any conflicts among the investors Fixed Assets Quality Issue Quality issue is another factor that impacts the stakeholder's interest over the project (Schermerhorn, 2013). Medium High Quality issues can be identified by monitor the activities of the project team and conducting quality check on a regular basis. Quality issues can be analysed using interview and survey. Along with that, proper calculation is required to analyse the variance. Quality assurance team must be hired to signify the quality of manufacturing Weather Issue Being a 23 storey building the project will be impacted by the weather and high speed of wind. It is important to consider the fact for safety and proper completion of the project. Medium Medium Weather Issues can be identified by communicating with the engineers and other local government authorities. Weather issues can be analyzed using quantitative analysis method such as statistical calculations and probability. Safety equipment and devices must be used during absurd weather conditions to continue the work Financial Risk Delay in the completion of the project may lead to financial losses. Medium High Financial issues can be identified by regularly interacting with the stakeholders. Financial issues can be analysed using statistical and mathematical analysis. To mitigate financial risks significant financial assessment must be done to make the project a success Impact and effectiveness of analysis tools on the project Qualitative and quantitative risk analyses tool helps to observe the probability and impact of the risk on the project objectives. Furthermore, the qualitative and quantitative analyses tools make the project team aware of the facts and situation at which the operations of the construction project may face several issues (Stonham, 2015). On the basis of these analyses, the project team can prepare plans to minimise the occurrence of uncertainties that can help in proper and appropriate completion of the residential towers. The interview and surveys helps in continuous communication with the stakeholders that helps to observe their views and understand their thoughts regarding the construction project (Tworek, 2012). Along with that, the qualitative and quantitative tools also increase the accuracy and appropriateness of the risk management strategy that is quite helpful in proper construction of the residential towers. Stakeholders Tolerance for risk Stakeholder risk tolerance is another factor in project development. In the case of high risk projects, the stakeholders such as workforce and investors would prefer to delay the project as much as possible. Unless the risk tolerance is satisfactory, the investors will not allow the project to commence (Malz, 2011). Individual risks change depending on a stakeholders tolerance for risk In order to monitor the stakeholder risk tolerance factor, the project manager must have a fair idea about the project and organizational environmental factors such as workforce, expertise, technological efficiency and financial strength to make accurate understanding of the risk tolerance. If the risk tolerance is high, the organizational standards must back up with resources. By identifying the assets and liabilities of an organization, a project manager can determine the risk tolerance of stakeholders (Gwanoya, 2007). Invariably, the previously completed projects must be taken into consideration to identify the stakeholder risk tolerance. Prioritize the stakeholders depending on their risk tolerance To certify the level of risk tolerance, project manager of the construction project must assess the risks correctly so that major roots of the risks can be identified. By prioritizing the level of risks, significant contingency plans and risk mitigation plans can be implemented in the project. Apart from that, remembering the stakeholder risk tolerance, prominent risk monitoring system can be promoted in the construction project (Hatefi and Seyedhoseini, 2012). In case of small investors, they have comparatively less risk taking capabilities. Hence, understanding the financial position of the investors will be key to identify the risk tolerance capability. Conclusion At the end of all, it is mandatory to mention that stakeholder management strategy is highly impressive to prepare a strategic risk management plan. By identifying the stakeholder risk tolerance factors, the project manager must create a positive influence on the stakeholders by showing the project perspective and benefits. Also, there are some risks attached to the communication process. In addition to that, the external and internal environmental factors of the organization must be overviewed to create a purposeful risk management strategy suitable to meet the requirement of the construction project. Meanwhile, the risks analysis and strategic tools must be monitored at the highest standards to create a positive impact on the project stakeholders ensuring project deliverables, quality and cost. References Anderson-Cook, C. (2006). Quantitative Risk Management: Concepts, Techniques, and Tools.Journal of the American Statistical Association, 101(476), pp.1731-1732. Cahill, D. (2007). Target marketing and segmentation: valid and useful tools for marketing.Management Decision, 35(1), pp.10-13. Dey, P. and Ogunlana, S. (2014). Selection and application of risk management tools and techniques for build operate transfer projects.Industr Mngmnt Data Systems, 104(4), pp.334-346. Forbes, D., Smith, S. and Horner, M. (2008). Tools for selecting appropriate risk management techniques in the built environment.Construction Management and Economics, 26(11), pp.1241-1250. Gwanoya, T. (2007). Quantitative Risk Management: Concepts, Techniques, Tools. By Alexander J. McNeil, Rdiger Frey Paul Embrechts (Princeton University Press, 2005).Annals of Actuarial Science, 2(01), pp.187-189. Hatefi, M. and Seyedhoseini, S. (2012). Comparative Review on the Tools and Techniques for Assessment and Selection of the Project Risk Response Actions (RRA).International Journal of Information Technology Project Management, 3(3), pp.60-78. Malz, A. (2011).Financial risk management. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Oxford Business Group, (2016) Overview, Infrastructure building to help sustain Qatar's growth past 2022. Available at: https://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/infrastructure-building-help-sustain-qatars-growth-past-2022 (Accessed on: 25 May 2016). Rose, K. (2014). Personal Effectiveness in Project Management: Tools, Tips Strategies to Improve your Decision-making, Motivation, Confidence, Risk-taking, Achievement and Sustainability.Project Management Journal, 45(2), pp.e1-e1. Rostami, A. (2016). Tools and Techniques in Risk Identification: A Research within SMEs in the UK Construction Industry.ujm, 4(4), pp.203-210. Schermerhorn, J. (2013).Management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Stonham, P. (2015). Financial engineering: Tools and techniques to manage financial risk.European Management Journal, 13(4), pp.456-457. Tworek, P. (2012). Plan Risk Response as a Stage of Risk Management in Investment Projects in Polish and U.S. Construction - Methods, Research.Annals of the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University - Economics, 59(1). Wang, D. and Ortiz, J. (2013). Introduction to Selected Papers from Risk Assessment and Crisis Response 2011.Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 19(2), pp.385-388. Wende, W., Herberg, A. and Herzberg, A. (2015). Mitigation banking and compensation pools: improving the effectiveness of impact mitigation regulation in project planning procedures.Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 23(2), pp.101-111.